Media And Its Effect On Society Essay - 1892 Words

To what extent do you agree that entertainment media have had a positive effect on society? Name Institution An evaluation of the last half decade shows that media and its influence on communities and society at large has expanded significantly with advancement of technology. It is apparent that in the world today, media has an influential role in the daily life of an individual. From the time that a person wakes up to the time they go to bed, they are surrounded in a world that has been developed by media. Initially there was the telegraph and the post offices, this was followed by radio, television, newspapers, magazines and now the most widely used the internet. It is important to have the basic understanding of the role of media in society at an individual level and from a holistic point of view. The activities that we engage in on a daily basis are to a great extent dependent on information that is provided to all of us, and the means that is used to communicate the information from entertainment to hard or soft news, to healthcare to travelling, in addition to others. From a general point of view, mass media is considered to have three fundamental functions: providing news and information, entertainment and education. The world that we live in today is at time referred to as information age based on news and information that is relayed to the masses. There are a number of reasons as to why news and information are of importance to people; they can beShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Effects On Society976 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society if one were to walk down a populated sidewalk, it would seem merely impossible to spot a sole not twiddling away on their phone. With an entire world unfolding at their fingertips, we witness a society that has become addicted to media. Used as a powerful source of knowledge and entertainment, media plays an enormous role in the development of human life and gender distinction. Through the use of media, guidelines consisting of generated ideas and ways of living, affect both menRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On The Society957 Words   |  4 Pageshis loyalty (Vaughn, 2013). The media emphasizes that the rising intensity of the rivalry is the main factor that is resulting in the increase of gang activities, but the lack of questioning by the media on the possible causal factors that lead to the crime limits the understanding of the motives. The media misplaces confidence in the judgments of the SPD, by only questioning for details of the specific shooting and not the factors that may have caused it. The media simply accepting the SPD s claimRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1709 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is much more socially acceptable in today’s society than it was hundreds of years ago, which is mostly caused by technological advances. As technology expanded, so did our generation’s tendency for violence. With all the breakthroughs in social interaction using technology, the media has become a large contributor to society. Coinciding with the first amendment to free speech, the media is a very valuable and powerful tool in spreading information when used for important purposes. HoweverRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1236 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the average American engaging in some form of technology laced with advertisements, whether it be a minute long video prefacing a Yout ube video or a thirty second long Pandora audio commercial. A common theme emerges throughout these forms of media, the subordination of women. TV shows, video games, movies, and songs frequently portray women as objects, dehumanizing them by showing them as being subservient to men, or showing them as adhering to stereotypical behavior. On one hand, some argueRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a huge role in molding the public mind. The public has a collective thought process of the world and the media is always there to shape up that perception of the world. The Running Man takes place in a dystopian future where the masses are fully controlled by the Government and people are oblivious to their surroundings like a herd of sheep, steered any way the Network desires. The media is the largest outlet for propaganda and there are no competitors to the Network for they haveRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and its Effects on Society Media plays a crucial role in our life nowadays. It serves as a bridge that connects people to the world, leading to a global exchange of information and knowledge. Media also offers platform for people to voice their thoughts on political and social issues, providing room for different perspectives. Unquestionably, media affects our life in nearly every ways. With a turn of a magazine page, a tune on a radio, or a flip of a TV channel, media somewhat plays a partRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1622 Words   |  7 Pageslife, or in people society, such as politicians or well-known actresses. Though they re still icons of our day, many people in our technological and media influenced days look toward television, film, books and other forms of arts. However, representation is not always fair nor is it proper when it comes to certain groups of human society. Many people who struggle with discrimination in their daily life, struggle with finding proper and real representatio n in our mainstream media. Minority representationRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1812 Words   |  8 Pagesthe use of technology has increased, and expanded. Mass media plays a vital role in society. Mass media can be defined as any means of communication, to an extremely large group of people. Technological advancements have been extremely beneficial for prior generations, the generation we now live in, and will be for the future generations to come. Such as, providing news for the world to hear, entertainment, and much more. Some examples of media would be television, films, newspapers, and the InternetRead MoreEffects Of The Media On Society2469 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 3: Effects of the Media Though war contributed to changes in society, the media was the driving factor behind changes including the fixation with beauty among women. Magazines had the ability to perpetuate the already emerging ideals. The idea of self-improvement became a very popular topic in the 1920s seen across all women’s magazines, contributing to the progression from the middle class women to the New Woman. This â€Å"New Woman† was one of beauty and fun with â€Å"admiration and lastingRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society2385 Words   |  10 PagesName: Title: Institution: Abstract Different theories have been utilized to dissect the media and its effect on the general public. The ascent of the m Media business in the twentieth century gave a formal method for correspondence that was open to practically everybody in a society. Early scholars came to see media as being in charge of publicizing and dispersing the changes, turmoil, and discontent which embodied the period. They rebuked the mass communications for offering assurance and propagating

The Brain And Different Disorders Involving Children

All three articles are about the brain and different disorders involving children. Each article has four participants. I chose to do stress and how it disrupts your sleep for six weeks. Once the six weeks is up I am going to use a stress ball and see if it helps with sleep patterns. These articles have to do with the function of the brain and I am going to be focusing on how stress alternates my sleep with or without a stress ball. Several experts have used the SSRD in their study. Slifer, Koontz, and Cataldo (2002) conducted a study to examine â€Å"Operant techniques on four children who have behavioral and developmental diagnosis.† â€Å"Studies of the brain structure in children and individuals with developmental disabilities†. Magnetic†¦show more content†¦Several experts have used the SSRD in their study. The article by Smith and Churchhill (2002) conducted a study to examine â€Å"Behavioral disorders demonstrated as functional analysis, on four participants who have behavioral disorders.† Identifying environmental determinants, and other behavioral disorders can be demonstrated as functional analysis. Assessing behaviors involves a systematic manipulation of antecedents and consequent variables. Risks associated with behavior are currently present during this assessment, and it may not be possible to conduct functional analyses if the problem simply is not allowed to occu r. Several methods of variations of basic analysis might address certain limitations, and reducing risks during procedures that is limited time on the assessment. Studies show that using an brief assessment sometimes reveal’s variables associated with problem behaviors. The longer the assessment the more often you clarify initial assessment results. In the Derby study 79 participants maintained behavioral problems and only 37 identified to actually having problem behaviors. Data like the Derby study shows us 6 participants out of 20 differentiated participants, during the first initial phase of the assessment of the Vollmer study. A second potential method of reducing risk during analyses is to use protective equipment during sessions. Outcomes of analyses with protective equipment that does not match the analysesShow MoreRelatedPSY 410 Week 3 Neurocognitive and Neurodevelopmental Paper 1427 Words   |  6 PagesNeurodevelopmental Disorders Kimberly Hollis PSY/410 February 3, 2015 Richard Reinsch Neurocognitive and Neurodevelopmental Disorder When it comes to neurocognitive disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders, reaserchers have been able to diagnose symptoms of a variety of disorders pertaining to the brain and growth development. Once knowing what the symptoms are behaviors become noticed and there becomes a reason for certain behaviors in individuals allowing different treatments for these disorders.. TheRead MoreMental Illnesses : A Mental Health Disorder1653 Words   |  7 PagesMental illnesses are brain diseases rooted in biology. Approximately one in every four adults has experienced a mental health disorder according to the Huffington Post. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) statistic identified mood disorders as the third most common cause for hospitalization in the U.S. for youth and adults. Mental illness compared to other chronic diseases is far more complicated and subjective. This serious and objective health problem has become increasingly obvious recentlyRead MoreCollege Student with Bipolar Disorder Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder, also called a manic-depressive illness, is a common disorder which causes mood swings, lasting periods of depression, and episodes of mania. â€Å"Extreme changes in energy, activity, sleep, and behavior go along with these changes in mood† (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2008). A person becom es more goal-oriented and has grandeur visions of success. Patient M shows all these symptoms while talking to her friends and professors in college. She describes herself as a personRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1133 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD, affects about â€Å"5% of children and about 2.5% of adults† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 61). â€Å"The main features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity, or a combination of both† (Grohol, 2013). Symptoms for hyperactivities includes fidgeting, talking a lot, running or climbing excessively, not being able to play quietly. Symptoms for impulsive behavior this includes blurting out answersRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1401 Words   |  6 Pages In America about one out of 88 children have autism spectrum disorder and about 36,500 in four million children are born with autism. Currently approximately 1.5 million adults are living with autism in the United States. The autistic brain is a complicated phenomenon, which has required many years of research in the biomedical field by institutes, organizations, and the government to comprehend the disorder. Depending on the severity of the disorder – low functioning or high functioning – and theRead MoreSleep Disorders : Sleep Apnea And Narcolepsy Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pagessleep disorder. The topic of sleep disorders is complex and extensive due to the fact that various types are diagnosed and recogn ized. Each type of sleep disorder can affect individuals in its own specific way. A few of the wide range of sleep disorders include: sleep apnea, night terrors, Restless Leg Syndrome, narcolepsy, excessive snoring, insomnia, and many more. 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Discussion about the Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd is a chain of supermarkets under the ownership of Westfarmers. It was founded in the year 1914 and today has 776 supermarkets, 858 liquor stores, 90 hotels, 662 convenience stores totaling to 2,386 retail outlets in Australia. It has over 100,000 employees and accounts for 80% of the Australian Supermarket business along with its competitor Woolworths (Coles, 2015). Coles Online is the online platform that accounts for a sizeable business. Coles provides groceries, fresh food, liquor, general merchandise, fuel and financial services to more than 20 million customers every week. They aim at delivering quality, fresh products and add value for customers every time. Thus with the determination of the team members, the company continues to grow. Conceptual Framework The objective followed by Coles with reference to financial reporting is to provide information that is useful for decision making, helps in prediction of cash flows and provides information about the economic resources and the changes and claims in the same (Choi Meek, 2011). The financial statements includes Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Cash flows and Notes to Accounts which are presented in a way to provide the users understanding of the Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Investment by Owners, Distribution to Owners, Revenues, Expenses, Gains, Losses, Comprehensive Income, so on and so forth. The recognition and measurement concepts are defined and explained by the accounting assumptions and principles. The Qualitative characteristics to be met are understandability, relevance, reliability, comparability and consistency. The materiality and conservatism principles are guiding in achieving the same (Paradise Rogoff, 2009). Coles has diversified well into a lot of businesses ranging from food stuffs to financial services. Thus the organization chart of Coles shows the various departments well categorized and the appropriate reporting authorities and team members in each of these departments (Coles, 2015) Apart from this, the accounts and financial statements of Coles are well in compliance with the Accounting Standards and other applicable provisions from time to time. (Source: Mitchell, 2015) Corporate Governance As per Brealey et. al (2011) Corporate Governance is the set of rules and regulations by which the company is controlled. The Corporate Governance Statement and Policy of Coles aims at enhancing shareholder value and continued growth. Areas like role of Board and Management, Structure and composition of Board, Director Independence, Remuneration and evaluation of Senior Executives, Governance policies, Risk Management and Anti-Bribery Policies are spelt out. The Role of the Board is the approve the strategic plans and decisions of the company while guiding the business through good governance practices and ensuring shareholder interest and the interests of minority groups, employees and community at large. The Board takes up the ultimate responsibility for strategy implementation. The Board comprises of eleven directors, out of which nine are non-executive directors. The appointment is made by analyzing the skills, experience, expertise and ability to take diverse board decisions. Th ere are separate committees for evaluation of the performance of the Board of Directors. The Directors are expected to make decisions in an independent manner that is free from bias and could materially affect the interests of the stakeholders. Every director is duty bound to disclose any relationship with the company that might be monetary or otherwise (Clarke, 2010). The Board aims to meet the Corporate Governance policies laid down by ASX. Investor engagement, integrity in reporting is a few areas focused on which leads to the establishment of Audit and Risk Committee and establishment of facilities for providing high quality up-to-date information of the stakeholders. The Risk Management policies form a part of the overall risk management process and is updated from time to time to incorporate the new challenges. Thus from the corporate governance angle, it can be seen that Coles has maintained a high standard and the continuous following of the same keeps it strong and trustwor thy. Ethics Coles is highly committed to follow the rules and regulations of all the countries with which it is doing business. Business ethics is considered to be a primary requirement at Coles. Any action that results in violation of any law or act, for the time being in force like bribery is considered as a serious offence and against the values of the company. The Anti-bribery laws are well in place to ensure that the political donations made should not be under any specific division or business unit (Goergen, 2012). The appropriate disclosures of any such donations should be made as required by law. Apart from this, the quality control standards are also well in place to monitor the output that is being served to the end users and consumers. Thus Coles is an ethically strong company (Coles, 2015). Deontology Coles have a strong belief in human rights and the principle is followed. The environment is structured in a manner that aims to reduce overextension and brings calmness. The moral traits projects that the company has maintained a strong ethical ground (Fernando, 2009). For instance, in December 2014, Coles had associated with a 10-year partnership with Sun drop Tomatoes, an enterprise in Southern Australia for the supply of sustainable truss tomatoes. And there of from 2016, this deal ensures that Coles has a year-round supply for customers, creating more than construction and full-time jobs in regional Australia with support on investment for highly innovative technology, including a greenhouse which that will grow tomatoes using solar power and desalinated sea water. These aspects reveal the environmental and sustainable efforts of Coles in dealing with secondary aspect in an organization. Libertarianism The main objective of Coles is to operate with liberty, as well as non-aggression principle. Therefore, the principle of libertarianism comes into existence. It operates with ease and strives to attain maximum profit (Paradise Rogoff, 2009). The responsibility of Coles being the leader in the retail is not just reserved in the interest of the public. The inclusive areas that are being engaged by Coles include technological advancements and improvisations that lead better and safer rational for those involved in the business with Coles (Lubatkin, 2009). For instance, the use of Solar Energy that has been endorsed across Australia has been one of the most responsible efforts that indeed reveal the total commitment towards the business, customer and the other people involved. Moreover, most of the supermarkets operated under Coles runs on low-powered LED lighting that uses Solar Energy, lessening the environmental effects that could have been an effective outcome otherwise, to add to t he concern Australia has been facing in the recent years (Coles, 2015). Yet another inclusive attribute could be related to the sustainable energy developments of the City FM Energy Centre, which provides 24-hour monitoring of supermarkets for identifying and clear solutions to problems instantly. Moreover, Coles has deservingly been was awarded a 4-Star Green Star rating from the Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) for outstanding achievement with the use of a natural refrigerant, extra insulation and combined cooling to regulate efficient temperature control. Virtue Ethics Delivering choices and options in the wide range of products does indicate that the efforts have been up to mark and thereby reserving greater prospects for Australian who prefers economical choices at justified prices. More innovative are the ways the organization source food for the customers by fostering long-term and deeper relationships with the suppliers and hence ensuring that the standards are always on the greatest level (Levine Prietula, 2013). For instance, if there are many retail outlets around the world that have ceased due to malign ways that include illicit marketing methods and delivering a sole profit based customs and practices within the organizations (Coyne Garvin, 2013). As far as the Values and Ethics of Coles are considered m the efforts has been the prime source that has been out in the limelight by the management and the staff at Coles. As with the message, Business Values has been the core part of the Coles as the part of the strategy established in 2015 that was focused on the delivering the better share of the profits to their customers. Moreover, the apart from the acumen of delivering high standards in the products, Coles has also kept the better side when it comes to the pricing and stakes associated with these products (Coles, 2015). As with the virtue that comes as the part of Coles business infrastructure, there has been a better reserve in maintaining social responsibility as Coles partnership with national cancer charity Redkite that had initiated in 2013 and has since raised more than $15 million for Redkite and Australian families. Moreover as the part of the ethical venture, the members at Coles has been passionately involved in raising awareness and monetary resources for foundations like Redkite by organizing fundraising activities that take multi-dimensional attributes within the scope of business that is run by Coles (Coles, 2015). The efforts have also been ethically high since there has been more than one instance and associations that has been marked by Coles in terms to provide better and safer means of meeting the larger demands of the community. Legitimacy It is evident that Coles is determined to deliver what it takes for a clean and professional business, provided there are no problems to the customers (Covington, 2000). The virtue has paid off for Coles in many ways, since they have been actively involved in delivering the best performance and services in Australia and abroad, with the inclusion of presence on the internet, Coles has achieved yet another milestone that allows the company to broaden the target customers and increase the brand value in the international market. Despite the odds, there are numerous positive attributes about the operation and conduct of Coles that indicate the better ways for consumers and the businessmen involved with Coles. And since, every aspect of Coles has been legally bound, there are no threats whatsoever that could tarnish the repute of Coles as one of the better prospects and trustable entity in the Global and Australian context. With major initiatives in terms of Humanitarian considerations, it is evident that Cole is deemed to be one of the better brands for the future (Alter, 2013). Coles Action Coles is well known for supporting fund raising and donation campaigns from many years. During the year 2001, the direct community contributions were $36.5 million and an additional $7.2 million was raised by team members, customers and suppliers. Coles has entered into partnership with Redkite during the year 2013, a society for supporting children, young people with cancer and their families. Coles has raised more than $15 million for Redkites due to which Redkites has been able to almost double its services (Kruger, 2015). Coles has also associated with Second Bite from the year 2011 to distribute surplus, healthy food to the disadvantaged sections of the society. This was done with an aim of reducing food waste on one hand and providing access to healthy food for those who cannot afford. In 2012, Coles established Bravery Trust to support the current and former defense members who were suffering as a result of the service (Albuquerque, 2013). A unique recycling program undertaken by Coles led to the recycling of over 100 million units of soft plastic. As human resources are the most valuable asset for any company, Coles has celebrated the longest services team members by various rewards thus valuing their continued dedication for the company (Kruger, 2015). (Source: Mitchell, 2015) Conclusion It can thus be seen that the strong policies with reference to corporate governance and ethics have helped Coles remain on the top. The increased focus on society and community development also makes Coles distinguished from the rest. Coles has been one of the better sides of socially retailing business that has withstood the long trail of excellence and class in Australia (Mark, 2010). With the recent years, Coles has managed to secure an international reputation that is equally vibrant in the mode of operation, class, and consistency in the standards that are being put forward by Coles as an integrated organization. What makes Coles stand out in the niche of Market As with the diversification based on the ethics there are varied highlights that come out from the growth of Coles as an enterprising standard on a global scale. References Albuquerque, R., Durnev, A., Koskinen, Y 2013, Corporate social responsibility and firm risk: theory and empirical evidence, Boston University. Alter, S 2013, Work System Theory: Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 72-121. Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson. Clarke, T 2010, International Corporate Governance, London and New York: Routledge Coles 2015, Coles annual report and accounts 2015, viewed 28 August 2015, https://www.coles.com.au/about-coles/annual-reports Covington, M. V 2000, Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: An integrative review, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 5, no. 51, pp. 171200. Coyne, I., Garvin, F 2013, Employee relations, and motivation. Work and Occupational Psychology, vol. 22, no.10, pp. 23-46 Fernando, A C 2009, Corporate Governance Policies and Principles, Oxford University Press Goergen , M 2012, International Corporate Governance, Prentice Hall. Kruger, P 2015, Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth, Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329 Levine, S. S., Prietula, M. J 2013, Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance, Organization Science, Harvard Press Lubatkin, M.H 2009, One more time: What is a realistic theory of corporate governance?, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, vol.28, pp. 59-67 Mark, J. R 2010, Political Determinants of Corporate Governance - Political Context, Corporate Impact, Oxford University Press. Mitchell, S 2015, 75pc of Australians want more competition for Coles and Woolworths, Masters Grocer survey shows, Retrieved 30 August 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/business/75pc-of-australians-want-more-competition-for-coles-and-woolworths-masters-grocer-survey-shows-20150331-1mbjul.html Paradise, R Rogoff, B 2009, Side by Side: Learning by Observing and Pitching In, Ethos, vol. 37, pp. 102138

Things They Carried Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Things They Carried Argumentative Essay In the story Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong in The Things they Carried byTim O Brian Mary Ann Bell goes from one end of the spectrum to the other. Mary Ann is brought in by her high school sweetheart, Mark Fossie. They aredestined to be married and live out the rest of their lives together. In amatter of weeks she is transformed from a cute, blonde high school girl to aferocious animal of the jungle. Mark Fossie first toys with the idea of bringingher over from Cleveland and then goes through with it. Listen, the guy sendsher the money. Flies her over. This cute blonde- just a kid, just barely out ofhigh school- she shows up with a suitcase and one of those plastic cosmeticbags. Comes right out to the boonies (pg.102). She is very young, at mostseventeen years old. She is pretty and has a great personality that all the guysappreciate. She is never afraid of the unseen horrors of the war. She thirstsfor knowledge about everything around her. Mary Ann wants to know abouteverything and her desire for knowledge leads her to the loners of the war, thegreen berets. She starts by just going out on ambush with them then itprogresses mo re. The way she quickly fell into the habits of the bush. Nocosmetics, no fingernail filing, cut her hair short and wrapped it in a darkgreen bandana (pg.109). She breaks it off with Mark Fossie and doesnt wantto leave the bush. She does stuff even the greenies wouldnt do. She stayswith them until she eventually disapears. The greenies say shes still alivebut theyve never really seen her again. She was one with the jungle. She wasyoung and innocent then became a ferocious hunter of the jungle. She wasdangerous. She was ready for the kill (pg.125). We will write a custom essay on Things They Carried Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Book Reports

Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution Research Paper Example

Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution Paper This essay is first going to look briefly at the pre-Darwin theory of evolution which came from Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Secondly, outline Charles Darwins theory of evolution and look at some criticisms, lastly it will evaluate Darwins theory Lamarck (1744-1824), a zoologist, claimed that changes that occurred in animals had been passed on from their ancestors, who in their own life time had responded to its survival needs. Lamarcks example of this would be the giraffe that stretches its neck to reach the higher leaves will gain neck length, which in turn will be passed on to its offspring. This theory became known as inheritance of acquired traits. Lamarcks theories were not accepted, as they only offered an explanation, rather than proof as to why these changes occurred. Darwin (1809-1882) was born to a middle class family in Shrewsbury. Darwin quit medical school and went on to read theology, Euclid and the classics and later secured a position aboard the HMS Beagle, whose venture was to explore the unexplored waters of South America. On his travels Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands; it was here discovered and collected samples of bird fossils of geological interest to himself. On his return, Darwin studied his finding and asked John Gould (1804-1881) to classify the bird fossils. Gould identified these birds as being finches. Furthermore Darwin realised that each Galapagos island had its own species of finch that were all slightly different to each other, but all closely resembles those on the South America mainland. It was this evidence that led Darwin to believe that each of these finches had the same ancestors but each had evolved differently in order to survive in its environment. Darwin claimed that this survival was achieved through a process of natural selection. Natural selection is a process were the individuals of the species that are most suited for survival, are more likely survive and go on to reproduce therefore passing their traits onto their offspring making the pressure to evolve a continuous and gradual process, in Darwins words Natural selection acts only by taking advantage of slight successive variations; she can never take a great and sudden leap, but must advance by short and sure, though slow steps . Gradualism is an important part in evolution that does not require any individual effort. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Darwin also thought that it was not only the environmental factors that affected evolution, and after reading Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Essay on the Principles of Population where Malthus claimed that if the human population was not kept in check by means of limited food supply then it would double every 25 years, Darwin also realised that the fittest individuals are the least likely to die from starvation, therefore most likely to pass on their traits. Darwin wrote about his finding and his ideas but did not publish his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (later shortened to the origin of species) for almost 17 years due to Darwins own fear of what he had discovered. Also it had been argued that Darwin had contracted an illness on his travels and many feared that he had suffered a breakdown. Darwin finally published his book in 1859 due to claims being made that Alfred Wallace had too come up with a similar theory of evolution also based on Malthusian theory. In previous writing Darwin had not specifically attached his theory of evolution to mankind; however in 1971 in his book Descent of men he stated that man has evolved from the animal kingdom. Darwins theory was one that was acceptable to society, but that is not to say by everyone. Members of the Anglican Church were upset by Darwins theory, Darwin himself was Anglican and did not like his theory for two reasons, they were evangelical and they believed in the principle of extinction. One man, Thomas Huxley (1825-1895) supported Darwins theory and saw himself as Darwins bull dog. Huxley fought with Darwins theory; it was he who presented lectures for this theory. Huxley later realised that Darwin had many of the same ideas of evolution as Lamarck. Although Darwins theory of evolution had very little to state on man the suggestion that the theory gives for the origins of the human race is immense, and he stated the in the future we will collect enough fossils that will show the gradual evolution and if we dont find that, then my theory will fall. However the fossils that have been found do not show this gradual change, they show that there have been rapid changes during periods of stability which coincides with Goulds discontinuity hypothesis. Darwins theory that we descend from animals further confirms British empiricist Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) who claimed that human behaviour is no different to that of animals. What is more, after Darwin claimed this, psychologists now look at animal behaviour when trying to understand human behaviour. In conclusion no one has been as influential in our understanding of evolution as Darwin. His theory is the basis for many others theories; however, although a valid theory, the most significant flaw is the lack of any empirical evidence.

Copyright and Democracy

Copyright and Democracy Chapter four of Neil Weinstock Netanel’s essay discusses the democratic paradigm of copyright and democracy. Netanel attempts to find the link between democratic governance and civil society. The first part of the chapter discusses the role of civil society and its association with democratic governance. Shared purposes and norms identify various civil societies. Civil society plays an active role in bolstering democratic governance.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Copyright and Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Civil societies are participatory. They help in fostering a democratic culture. In addition, civil societies provide avenues for self-rule that are outside the control of the government. Civil societies facilitate debate and determination of various policies and social norms. However, civil societies are not completely autonomous. Government intervention helps in sustaining the acti vities of civil societies. In addition, government intervention ensures that civil societies engage in activities that provide opportunities for democratic governance. The market may be a barrier to the advancement of the democratic character of civil societies. It may facilitate the development of disparities of power. In addition, it may provide people with uneven opportunities to engage in civil life. However, the market may also play a critical role in enhancing democratic governance. It may facilitate the development of centers of power that are not under the control of the government. This helps in reducing citizen’s dependency on the state. It is a fact that democratic governance should also be a critical component of the governance of civil societies. It would be contradictory to claim that civil societies foster democratic governance when it is clear that they do not have democratic governance in their management. The author did not provide insights on civil societie s and democratic governance using this perspective. The government uses copyright as a tool that enables government institutions to support democratic civil societies. Copyright’s production and structural functions help in supporting a democratic civil society. Copyright laws have various incentives that encourage free communication. Electronic communication is one of the fastest developing communication mediums. It facilitates the broadcast, distribution, and transmission of millions of works of original authors. Democracy enables people who have high rhetorical skills to acquire the greatest share of political power. Therefore, free communication is an essential component of a democratic culture. In some instances, free communication may violate copyright laws. The author did not explain how free communication may pose a serious threat to copyright.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More Copyright enables authors to have a proprietary entitlement to their works. This facilitates the development of an autonomous sector that encourages the formation and distribution of novel expressions. Copyright enables creators and publishers of the novel expressions to earn financial support for their undertakings in the sector. This enables them to cease from depending on the government or the assistance of the elite. The paying audience is the source of funds. Copyright imposes certain restrictions on the exclusive control of cultural works. This enables the government to diversify the communicative power structures without unwarranted interference on the expressive content. However, the restrictions of copyright law do not provide a neutral endpoint. The endpoint of copyright law may signify the beginning of another proprietary right. Therefore, the restrictions may portray the ability of copyrights to enhance democracy. They enhance the democr atic notion that expressions and ideas should be free for all people. The limits on the duration and scope of copyrights act as a boundary on the private control of publicly distributed expressions.

Shakespeares Sonnet 18 In Comparison With Robert Brownings His Last Essay

Shakespeares Sonnet 18 In Comparison With Robert Brownings His Last Duchess - Essay Example The work of Shakespeare viewed females as pleasantries of life but that of Robert identified them as a means of gathering sexual pleasure and contentment whereas, his work did not convey respectful image of a woman. The quality of life significantly determines level of one’s artistic characteristics. The great Shakespeare struggled notably in his life. But, at the end, he experienced fame and wealth. The old man died in peace and therefore, he started to view the world as a manmade heaven. The abovementioned legend grew up in a family with rigid ethical and civic rules. The dedication towards decency and civilized behavior is quite notable in his work. He never kneeled before so-called modern poetic rules that encouraged artists of the time to add sexism in their works so that they can get more attention. The Shakespearean way of poetry is preserved for the best minds of each era and therefore, when most of the population drives towards poetry in order to fulfill their filthy sexual agendas. The pure minds kept on find the true meanings of life in the evergreen works of the great legend. The featured Robert’s work is all about considering females as machines of attaining sexual pleasure (Browning 1842) while the symbolism used by Shakespeare helped the people in taking females as their companions. The works of the legendary artist indeed guided the society towards gender-based equality (Shakepeare 1609). The poem attempted to communicate that females are like summers as they come rarely in one’s life and therefore, they should be cared about. The Shakespearean philosophy is stemmed from the idea that the inter-gender relationships should have long-term nature and people should be trained to view their wives, mothers, sisters, and... The work of Shakespeare viewed females as pleasantries of life but that of Robert identified them as a means of gathering sexual pleasure and contentment whereas, his work did not convey a respectful image of a woman. The quality of life significantly determines the level of one’s artistic characteristics. The great Shakespeare struggled notably in his life. But, at the end, he experienced fame and wealth. The old man died in peace and therefore, he started to view the world as a manmade heaven. The above-mentioned legend grew up in a family with rigid ethical and civic rules. The dedication towards decency and civilized behavior is quite notable in his work. He never kneeled before so-called modern poetic rules that encouraged artists of the time to add sexism in their works so that they can get more attention. The Shakespearean way of poetry is preserved for the best minds of each era and therefore when most of the population drives towards poetry in order to fulfill their filthy sexual agendas. The pure minds kept on find the true meanings of life in the Evergreen works of the great legend. The featured Robert’s work is all about considering females as machines of attaining sexual pleasure while the symbolism used by Shakespeare helped the people in taking females as their companions. The Shakespearean philosophy is stemmed from the idea that the inter-gender relationships should have long-term nature and people should be trained to view their wives, mothers, sisters, and girlfriends as friends and companions.

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Humanities - Essay Example The Literature is a long and complex and tackles a combination of themes centered on the limits of the human knowledge, the origin of the human ideas as well as religion and morality (Ben-Chaim). The literature presents a theory of belief and knowledge that was established on the principle that most human feelings or ideas are normally obtained through experience. In particular, he names describes this phenomenon as the â€Å"tabula rasa† or the black slate philosophy. This philosophy presumes that human beings are born with a blank mind that is almost similar to a white sheet of paper. However, the various experiences that human beings normally face when growing up serves to fill up the blank min with new thoughts and ideas. In this literature, Locke contests Descartes idea that human ideas are innate. He asserts that most human thoughts cannot be considered as correct unless there is another explanation for the same idea. This means that the fact that two or more individuals can have the same thoughts pertaining to a given situation, their thoughts is not necessary correct (Newman). He explains that understanding is what sets man above the rest of all other sensible beings, which further confers him all the advantage and dominion that he has over them. This therefore implies that human beings are rational agents capable of choice and, hence, acting responsibly. He therefore insisted that learning should be made pleasant so as to facilitate the acquisition of new and meaningful experience bearing in mind that the formation of character for an individual is deemed as very crucial than just mere information (Ward). Indeed, in his paper, Locke further argued that the both human adults and children tend to share a common disposition that motivates them to pursue pleasure while avoiding painful experiences. Moreover, he also presented that there are no innate moral ideas; instead, human knowledge consists only

Why a Black Would Chose Conservatism over Liberalism Essay

Why a Black Would Chose Conservatism over Liberalism - Essay Example As the report declares liberals and conservatives share the same political principles, differing only in degree. While both believe in public and private sector, liberals call for a larger government than do the conservatives. Conservatives rely on religion and tradition while liberalism believes in science and collectivism. A study conducted by the Bay Area Center For Voting Research shows that the liberals remaining in the nation are the African Americans although the black Church is supposed to be ‘conservative’. This research stresses that conservatism is a state of mind and a type of character; it is a way of looking at the social order. It has a set of traditional principles and philosophy. Conservatism calls for personal responsibility as one part of the social contract and understands the importance of collective responsibility. Relationship has to be built with everyone and not by creating a mental discrimination that they are oppressed by the whites. The blacks need to remove this mental block from their minds. The blacks are interested in conserving their past. They were denied emancipation and integration; they were taxed without representation and denied access to education too. Through various governments, from Ronald Reagan to George Bush, they always remained INFERIOR; they were blamed for crimes and drugs, and suffered inhuman treatment. Conservatism in the black community is widely associated with white racism.

Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument Analysis

Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument Analysis Barbara Nalls Thesis: In this paper I will investigate Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument in order to make an attempt at establishing some clear evidence to answer this question; Did Saint Anselm believe in GOD? Argument: Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury (1033-1109), is the creator of the ontological argument. Saint Anselm’s ontological argument is distinctive from other arguments that attempt to prove that it is the existence of God, the creator, and not just some abstract entity that is being defined. Saint Anselm’s argument reads as follows: In my opinion, while Saint Anselm was a deep thinker, he was even more so, in this case, a deeper writer. I believe the common reader should be able to see the soundness of an argument, so that they may be able toaccept or reject the writer’s position. I think the Ontological Argument of Saint Anselm is unclear because the writing style is confusing and it needs to be more understandable. Maybe a simpler script or updated version of Saint Anselm’s message would clarify his position to ordinary readers like me. Based on Cliffords comment It is never lawful to stifle a doubt, for either it can be honestly answered by means of the inquiry already made, or else it proves that the inquiry was not complete, 2(Encountering the Real,pg. 502). Speak of the devil! Saint Anselm does have a 2nd version of his Ontological Argument, and it states: With all that being said, this version of Saint Anselm’s argument is also about as clear as mud! However, by definition, God is a being than which none greater can be imagined, is now more properly put as follows: Objection(s): Along with his 1st Argument, Saint Anselm’s 2nd version of the Ontological Argument is also believed to have failed in its efforts to clearly state his position to his readers/audience, according to some of his peers. The following names are some of Saint Anselm’s peers along with the some other writers who sighted their objections to the clarity and understandability of his Ontological Argument. Monk, Gaunilo of Marmoutier, a contemporary of Saint Anselm, expressed an important criticism against Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument. Monk Gaunilo states that Saint Anselm is basically defining things into existence. Monk Gaunilo remarks that he believes this practice is unacceptable. Monk Gaunilo thinks that by using Saint Anselm’s method of argument authors could simply employ such tactics in an attempt to argue and even confirm the existence of all sorts of non-existent things. Saint Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) wrote that God’s existence is self-evident. Saint Thomas Aquinas believed that since many people have different thoughts of God, Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument works only to sway those people who would define the idea of God the same way or have the same concepts of God. In Saint Thomas Aquinas’s view he believed, even if everyone had the same concept of God â€Å"it does not therefore follow that he understands what the word signifies exists actually, but only that it exists mentally.† In Saint Thomas Aquinas’ understanding he points out that when we try to connect the phrase â€Å"a being than which none greater can be imagined† with more familiar predictable concepts they don’t help us to get an in depth view of God. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) directs his famous objection at the third premise of Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument. This is where Saint Anselm makes the claim that a being that exists as an idea in someone’s mind as well as in reality, is greater than if that being exists only as an idea in just their mind alone. Based on Saint Anselm’s premise number three, existence is what’s understood to be a great-making property or, as sometimes referred to, a perfection. Premise three thus explains that (a) existence is a property; and (b) to characterize existence makes a thing better, if all things are equal, than it would have been otherwise. Immanuel Kant rejects premise three on the ground that, as a purely formal matter, existence does not function as a predicate. While Kant’s criticism is phrased a bit obscurely in terms of thelogicof predicates and copulas, it also makes a conceivable metaphysical point. Existence is not a property like the way that b eing red is a property of an apple. Instead existence is a precondition for the exemplification of things in the sense that, it is not possible for a non-existent thing to exemplify any properties because there is nothing that such a property can stick itself to. Nothing has no qualities whatsoever. To say thatxexemplifies or instantiates a propertyPis hence to presuppose thatxexists. So, with this line of reasoning, existence isn’t a great-making property because it is not a property at all; it is rather a metaphysically necessary condition for the instantiation of any properties. Okay, Immanuel Kant also writes like Saint Anselm, way too deep for the poor little old average readers like me! Responses(s): In response to Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument, other writers have made modal versions to express their thoughts about his ontological argument, below are two of those responses. The first response to Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument comes from: (â€Å"Anselm’s Ontological Argument,†Philosophical Review, vol.69, no.1 (1960), 41-62 by Norman Malcolm). According to Malcolm’s view, the existence of an unlimited being is said to be either rationally necessary or logically not possible. Norman Malcolm’s argument for this claim is either that an unlimited being exists or that an unlimited being does not exist; by his logic there are no other possibilities. Reducing Malcom’s argument to its basic elements it would read as follows: The next response to Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is from Alvin Plantinga, (God, Freedom, and Evil(New York: Harper and Row, 1974). Plantinga complains that Saint Anselm’s argument is remarkably unconvincing if not downright irritating; he says that it looks too much like a parlor puzzle or some kind of word magic riddle. Not surprisingly, Alvin Plantinga shares my feelings about Saint Anselm’s writings. Finally, here is my response to Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument. In just my lowly opinion, I think a person who writes in riddles is not out to teach as much as they are out to prove how smart they are. God does not need our help to show his existence, we need His help to see that He exists. This to me is like a child trying to prove they have parents, the process is self-evident. I am, so they are! Conclusion: Per Anselm A being thatnecessarilyexists in reality is greater than a being that does notnecessarilyexist. Thus, by definition, if God exists as an idea in the mind but does not necessarily exist in reality, then we can imagine something that is greater than God. But we cannot imagine something that is greater than God. Thus, if God exists in the mind as an idea, then God necessarily exists in reality. God exists in the mind as an idea. Therefore, God necessarily exists in reality.† In reaction to the above riddle, I investigated several sources to establish clear evidence to answer the question, â€Å"Did Saint Anselm believe in GOD?† My findings were; Saint Anselm wrote, in his 1st version of his ontological argument â€Å"†¦ there is no doubt that there exists a being, than which nothing greater can be conceived, and it exists both in the understanding and in reality.† 1(Anselm, http://www.iep.utm.edu/ont-arg/). In the 2nd version of his Ontological Argument Saint Anselm states: â€Å"God is that, than which nothing greater can be conceived.†¦ And [God] assuredly exists so truly, that it cannot be conceived not to exist†¦ There is, then, so truly a being than which nothing greater can be conceived to exist, that it cannot even be conceived not to exist; and this being thou art, O Lord, our God.† So the answer is YES, Anselm believed that God does exist. Citations: 1(Anselm, http://www.iep.utm.edu/ont-arg/) 2(Encountering the Real,pg. 502) 3(Malcolm, Norman, â€Å"Anselm’s Ontological Argument,†Philosophical Review, vol. 69, no. 1 (1960), 41-62) 4(Plantinga, Alvin,God, Freedom, and Evil(New York: Harper and Row, 1974) Bibliography: Anselm, St.,Anselm’s Basic Writings, translated by S.W. Deane, 2ndEd. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing Co., 1962) Anselm: Ontological Argument for God’s Existence, http://www.iep.utm.edu/ont-arg/ Davenport, Ronald. Saintleo, Modules 1- 4 Lecture Notes. Aquinas, Thomas, St.,Summa Theologica(1a Q2), â€Å"Whether the Existence of God is Self- Evident (Thomas More Publishing, 1981) Kant, Immanuel,Critique of Pure Reason, translated by J.M.D. Meiklejohn (New York: Colonial Press, 1900) Malcolm, Norman, â€Å"Anselm’s Ontological Argument,†Philosophical Review, vol. 69, no. 1 (1960), 41-62 Plantinga, Alvin,God, Freedom, and Evil(New York: Harper and Row, 1974) Saint Leo University. Encountering the Real. 2013 ed. New York: Cengage Custom. Print

Merleau-Ponty on Beauvoirs Literary-Philosophical Method :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Merleau-Ponty on Beauvoir's Literary-Philosophical Method ABSTRACT: Modern philosophy from the mid-nineteenth century on, has been particularly interested in choosing, adapting, and in some cases inventing literary forms to fit the particular philosophical subject under investigation. Simone de Beauvoir, with her explicit rejection of any formalist division between literature and philosophy, is one of the most interesting contributors to the modern development of philosophical writing. The waters surrounding de Beauvoir’s contribution to philosophical method are somewhat muddled because the literary forms she used innovatively for philosophy — the novel and the short story — have (unlike, for example, the literary forms of Wittgenstein) resulted in writing which has been chiefly esteemed largely in terms of literature. In fact, many of her compositions rest simultaneously in both the categories of literature and philosophy. The significance of this aspect of her work was recognized by some of her contemporary philosophi cal associates, most particularly Merleau-Ponty. This paper draws on Merleau-Ponty to explore the philosophical ideas which inspired de Beauvoir’s methodology, and considers the nature and ramifications of her originality in terms of philosophy’s tradition of methodological diversity. 1. Philosophy's Literary Forms In this paper we want to examine a category error in which her fiction and philosophy are treated as mutually exclusive and separate categories. The underlying problem at work in contributing to this mistake is that of the conflation of a writerly form with the type of subject matter addressed by it. Falling into this confusion is particularly misleading for readers of Simone de Beauvoir because one of the most significant and fascinating aspects of her methodology lies in her explicit rejection of any formalist division between literature and philosophy. This is an intriguing aspect of her work which places it in an honourable and innovative philosophical position. It is not often enough noted that one part of the Western philosophical tradition — a part which is especially admirable — is the diversity of writerly forms which have proved useful to its major practitioners. The dialogues of Plato and Hume, the fables of the Enlightenment philosophers, the dramatic narrat ives of Kierkegaard, the parables and aphorisms of Nietzsche, as well as the essays of Kant and Sartre are all part of that heritage. Equally, the mathematician's "paper" used by Tarski and Russell, and the scientific paper adapted and made so fashionable by the logical positivists, and that strange literary form devised by Wittgenstein, so eccentric that it apparently remains without a name and yet has its antecedent in Spinoza's Ethics, all form part of the major lineage of ways in which philosophy has been successfully written.

Modernization and Indigenous Cultures Essay

Introduction Modernization is the process of moving from farming and agricultural society to an industrial society and it mainly deals with societies after the Industrial Revolution of the mid-18th century. Some key features of modernization would be large, formal organizations and division of labor based on specialization of skills and abilities. There is more control over environmental resources such as oil, water, land, and animals. There is also a distinct improvement in the quality of life during this time. Because of a higher per capita income individuals are able to buy more goods and services, have more recreational time, and have better housing and health care. Modernization can have both positive and negative effects on society and can often bring about controversy. In this paper I will look at examples of how modernization has affected cultures and traditions around the world. Theories Before we look at the effects of modernization on different cultures we will look at a few specific theories concerning how modernization affects society and community. The German sociologist Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies (1855-1937) formed two theories concerning modernization which he called _Gemeinschaft_ and _Gesellschaft_. Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies viewed modernization as the progressive loss of human community – _Gemeinschaft_. He also believed the Industrial Revolution weakened the social bond of families and communities by emphasizing the impersonal business attributes like money, efficiency, and self-interest – _Gesellschaft_. Tà ¶nnies belief was that modernization turns societies inside out so that individuals are essentially separated in spite of uniting factors (Macionis, 2006, page 457). Peter Berger, whose work was greatly influenced by Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies, identified four major characteristics of modernization: the decline of small, traditional communities, the expansion of personal choice, increased social diversity, future oriented and higher focus on time. As we look at societies and cultures around the world we will see how these four characteristics play a large part in explaining the effects of modernization on each. There are other aspects of modernization that are not quite as appropriate for explaining the affects on indigenous cultures but should still be discussed. Other theorists such as Emile Durkeim, whose view of modernity differed from Tà ¶nnies’s in a more optimistic manner. He viewed modernization as a change from community based bonds to a community based on economic priorities – division of labor. There was Max Weber, who thought that modern societies valued efficiency over tradition; therefore, modern people will adjust to anything that will allow them to attain their objective. Weber felt that for modern people, truth is the result of rational calculation. Then we have Karl Marx, who analyzed modernization as the ascendancy of industrial capitalism. He anticipated a socialist revolution that would lead to an egalitarian society. The problem with Marx’s theories is that he had an idealistic view of how the world would work, and underestimated the dominance of bureaucracy in shaping modern societies (Macionis, 2006). Cultures and traditions Traditional culture, in a broad sense, is human activity such as religion, philosophy, moral standards, laws, society, history, and art that have been learned and passed on in a community or group over a long period of time. Whether a society can survive modernization without losing its identity is the question that is debated by many people. In Asian countries such as Japan, Modernization has often been confused with Westernization. This is partly due to the fact that the concept originated during the Industrial Revolution in England. It is also due to the fact that accepting modernization often meant accepting a Western culture and its resulting way of life. Many feel that Japan is a great example of how a thoroughly modern way of life can exist in a non-western society. Others argue that Japan has become distinctly more western as a result of its modernization. The main thing to understand about Japan is that it has always been on the periphery of culturally developed countries such as China, and has become accustomed to accepting foreign developed cultures. The fact is that Japanese people have always had a great interest and curiosity in imported things, including religion and science. This is why Japan never felt a strong resistance against the introduction of Western culture. Effects on Family There was a United Nations study conducted in the mid-80’s that examined the effects of modernization, urbanization, and industrialization on the family structure. Part of the findings were focused on developing countries where wide-spread poverty was forcing families to migrate to areas where work could be found; mainly large cities. Technology and development have both positive and negative effects on family. It is true that there is usually an improvement in living conditions; especially in the area of health care, income, living conditions, and education. On the other hand it can lead families into an impoverished life, loss of social identity and traditions, and an effort to ever improved innovation with no regard for the effects on family life. Most would agree that the positive or negative effects of modernization on the family are not intentional, but a product of growing  population and ever-advancing technology. It can be said that few activities resulting from modernization have been geared explicitly towards families; whether to reduce the negative effects or improving their well-being. There have been many changes in family structure due to modernization. Along with the change in roles and responsibilities within the family are changes in values. This includes a greater pressure to adopt the values, culture, or viewpoints of the dominant group. â€Å"The emphasis on individualism is probably pre-eminent among the values of developed societies†. (Development and the family, 1985) There is a very large pressure on families and small communities to integrate into the dominant culture. Although there has been a long-term shift away from the extended family towards the nuclear family, the extended family is still regarded in some instances (among rural-urban migrants, for one) as a way to continue social and cultural traditions while adapting to new circumstances and behaviors (Development and the family, 1985). It is inevitable that there will be clashes between the dominant culture and that of family values. Industrialization and Urbanization There are two key aspects of modernization in which we need to explore; Industrialization and Urbanization. Both can be looked at as a byproduct of modernization and have related affects on a society’s culture and traditions. The effects of industrialization on a family, as with modernization, is influenced by the distance they must travel to acclimate themselves to the new way of life. Some of the pressures that a traditional family structure might face include; work schedules that reduce the time a family spends together, less family production as a unit, and a diminished societal network due to migratory labor. In the U.N study mentioned above, urbanization is listed as the third major aspect of development impacting on family functioning, particularly the rapid growth of rural-to-urban migration (Development and the family, 1985). Some of the negative aspects of urbanization on family life would include  decreased communication between family members, separation of family members and lack of communal support for urban migrants, more single-parent households and postponement of child-bearing. All of these factors affect how communities and families develop, and how their culture and traditional values are passed on. There are also areas like Sao Paulo in South America where modernization has caused substantial population growth over the last 100 years. In the case of Sao Paulo, widespread coffee cultivation created sudden prosperity to a region that was fairly isolated. Then there was another population surge as manufacturing was established in the area. By the middle of the 20th century Sao Paulo became the chief manufacturing center of Brazil. The problem with that much growth in a generally poor country is the mass influx of people. With over-crowded cities come crime, air and noise pollution, traffic congestions, and most importantly a labor force that seriously outnumbers the available jobs (Cohen, 2004). Many individuals from outlying areas will continue to travel to this city in hopes of a better life, and most will end in continued poverty. It’s possible that many will end up in areas like Prestes Maia. The largest squat in Latin America, some 258 families, nearly 2,000 people, have crammed into this disused textile factory. Its 20 story’s provide shelter for some of the poorest people in arguably the most unequal place on earth (Study in contrast, 2007). There is no longer a sense of community in large cities like this. How can there be a local support network when each individual is busy looking after themselves. Conclusion Most people would probably say that globalization and modernization rarely cares for societies and culture, but that statement is not completely accurate. Cultures do not always have to modify themselves and adapt to the global changes that are being imposed upon them. There have been cases, like the Kayapo in Brazil, where natives used modern technology to help fight the intrusion of developers. In the case of the Kayapo people, they used video  cameras to film treaty negotiations and then used them against the government when they tried to go back on their word. This seems to be the exception rather then the rule. In most cases though, the reality is that dominant cultures do overwhelm smaller indigenous cultures. Small communities and societies are often torn apart by the pull of large urban areas. Because of modernization there has been an increase in personal choice. With industrialization come more opportunities for an individual to choose there future. People no longer had to stay on the farm to ensure that the family would produce enough to survive. This also led to the decline of small traditional communities. Individuals and families would travel to where the opportunities were. The problem is that those that are left behind feel abandoned by those who migrate to the cities. This fact alone creates a cultural division between indigenous peoples. Central and South America are a classic example of how a dominant culture can completely decimate that of the indigenous people. The Portuguese and Spanish left a lasting impression on the indigenous way of life. That influence reached new heights during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th century. Not only were the Europeans extracting recourses from the area, they were also introducing new ways of thinking, new technologies, and a new type of economy. It would be almost impossible for a lesser developed people to compete against the dominant culture of a technologically advanced society. References Cohen, B. (2004). Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review. _World_ _Development_, _32_, Retrieved March 06, 2008, from http://www7.nationalacademies.org/dbasse/Cities_Transformed_World_Develop ment_Article.pdf Development and the family. (May 1985). _UN Chronicle_, 22, p.xix(2). Retrieved March 17, 2008, from General OneFile via Gale:http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS Macionis, J. J. (2006). Society: The basics (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson PrenticeHall. Study in contrast. (2007, March 14). The Statesman,1. Retrieved March 6, 2008, from ProQuest Newsstand database. (Document ID: 1232854241).

Convicts to Australia - Researching Convict Ancestors

Convicts to Australia - Researching Convict Ancestors From the arrival of the First Fleet at Botany Bay in January 1788 to the last shipment of convicts to Western Australia in 1868, over 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia and New Zealand to serve out their sentences as slave labor. Nearly 94 percent of these convicts to Australia were English and Welsh (70%) or Scottish (24%), with an additional 5 percent coming from Scotland. Convicts were also transported to Australia from British outposts in India and Canada, plus Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean. Who Were The Convicts? The original purpose of convict transportation to Australia was establishment of a penal colony to alleviate pressure on the overburdened English correctional facilities following the end of convict transportation to the American colonies. The majority of the 162,000 chosen for transportation were poor and illiterate, with most convicted for larceny. From about 1810, convicts were seen as a labor source for building and maintaining roads, bridges, courthouses and hospitals. Most female convicts were sent to female factories, essentially forced labor camps, to work off their sentence. Convicts, both male and female, also worked for private employers such as free settlers and small land holders. Where Were The Convicts Sent? The location of surviving records related to convict ancestors in Australia largely depends on where they were sent.  Early convicts to Australia were sent to the colony of New South Wales, but by the mid-1800s they were also being sent directly to destinations such as Norfolk Island, Van Diemens Land (present-day Tasmania), Port Macquarie and Moreton Bay. The first convicts to Western Australia arrived in 1850, also the site of the last convict ship arrival in  1868. 1,750 convicts known as the Exiles arrived in Victoria from Britain between 1844 and 1849. British transportation records of criminal transportees described on the website of the UK National Archives are the best bet for determining where a convict ancestor was initially sent in Australia. You can also search the British convict transportation registers 1787–1867  or Ireland-Australia transportation database online to search for convicts sent to the Australian colony. Good Behavior, Tickets of Leave and Pardons If well-behaved after their arrival in Australia, convicts rarely served their full term. Good behavior qualified them for a Ticket of Leave, a Certificate of Freedom, Conditional Pardon or even an Absolute Pardon. A Ticket of Leave, first issued to convicts who seemed able to support themselves, and later to convicts after a set period of eligibility, allowed the convicts to live independently and work for their own wages while remaining subject to monitoring a probationary period. The ticket, once issued, could be withdrawn for misbehavior. Generally a convict became eligible for a Ticket of Leave after 4 years for a seven year sentence, after 6 years for a fourteen year sentence, and after 10 years for a life sentence. Pardons were generally granted to convicts with life sentences, shortening their sentence by granting freedom. A conditional pardon required the freed convict to remain in Australia, while an absolute pardon allowed the freed convict to return to the U.K. if they chose. Those convicts who did not receive a pardon and completed their sentence were issued a Certificate of Freedom. Copies of these Certificates of Freedom and related documents may generally be found in the state archives where the convict was last held. The State Archives of New South Wales, for example, offers an online Index to Certificates of Freedom, 1823–69. More Sources for Researching Convicts Sent to Australia Online Australias early convict records, 1788-1801 includes the names of over 12,000 convicts transported to New South Wales.The Tasmanian Names Index includes convicts (1803–1893) and  convict permissions to marry (1829–1857).The Fremantle Prison Convict Database serves as an online index to Western Australia convict registers.Over 140,000 records are searchable in the New South Wales Convict Index, including  certificates of freedom, bank accounts, deaths, exemptions from government labor, pardons, tickets of leave, and tickets of leave passports. Were Convicts Also Sent to New Zealand? Despite assurances from the British government that NO convicts would be sent to the fledgling colony of New Zealand, two ships transported groups of Parkhurst apprentices to New Zealand the  St. George  carrying 92 boys arrived at Auckland on 25 October 1842, and the  Mandarin  with a load of 31 boys on 14 November 1843. These  Parkhurst apprentices  were young boys, most between the ages of 12 and 16, who had been sentenced to Parkhurst, a prison for young male offenders located on the Isle of Wight. The Parkhurst apprentices, most of whom were convicted for minor crimes such as stealing, were rehabilitated at Parkhurst, with training in occupations such as carpentry, shoemaking and tailoring, and then exiled to serve out the remainder of their sentence. The Parkhurst boys chosen for transport to New Zealand were among the best of the group, classified as either free emigrants or colonial apprentices, with the idea that while New Zealand would not accept convicts, they would gladly accept trained labor. This did not go over well with the inhabitants of Auckland, however, who requested that no further convicts be sent to the colony. Despite their inauspicious beginning, many descendants of the  Parkhurst Boys  became distinguished citizens of New Zealand.

The Best ACT Diagnostic Test and How to Use It

The Best ACT Diagnostic Test and How to Use It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips An ACT diagnostic test is an important part of your ACT prep, but there’s a lot more to it than just answering a few questions and seeing how you score.A diagnostic test can be one of the best tools for shaping your ACT study plan, but you need to know where to find the right ones and how to take them properly. In this guide, we explain what an ACT diagnostic test is, why it’s such an important study tool, where you can find the best diagnostic tests, and every step you should take to get as much valuable info from your diagnostic test as possible. What’s an ACT Diagnostic Test and How Can It Help You? An ACT diagnostic test is a practice test that you take at the beginning of your studying. This is more than just any practice test though. You can use your diagnostic test results to figure out your strengths and weaknesses on the ACT, how well you’re currently scoring, and how much you need to improve.All of these are key pieces of information for developing an effective study plan that’ll get you the ACT results you're aiming for. Without an ACT diagnostic test, you’ll find it much harder to study effectively for the ACT because you won’t know how much progress you need to make or which areas you should be focusing on. We recommend that every person studying for the ACT take a diagnostic test early in their prep. What Are the Best ACT Diagnostic Tests? There are lots of free ACT diagnostic tests out there, but the best ones to take will always be official ACT practice tests.Official ACT practice tests are retired real ACTs, so they'll be very similar to the ACT you see on test day. This is key because, if your diagnostic test isn’t a good replica of the real ACT, your diagnostic test results won’t give you a very accurate idea of how well you’d score on the ACT, so you could end up studying too little, studying too much, or studying the wrong subjects. It’s key that your diagnostic test mimics the difficulty, content, and format of the real ACT.Fortunately, this is easy to do. There are lots of high-quality and free ACT diagnostic test pdfs out there.We actually have links to every free and official ACT practice test available online. Use one of these for your diagnostic. If you’re looking for a shorter free ACT diagnostic test, your options are somewhat limited. There are many unofficial practice quizzes available, but we don’t recommend them since they aren’t as high-quality as official resources.ACT Inc. offers short quizzes for each section of the exam. There are five quizzes for each exam section, and each quiz has five questions. If you choose to take some of these quizzes for your diagnostic test, know that you won’t be able to get an accurate score estimate from them since their format is so different from the format of the actual ACT.Instead, you can use the quizzes to get a general idea of the areas where you’re doing well and where you need to study more. How Should You Take an ACT Diagnostic Test? When you take your ACT diagnostic exam, it’s crucial to mimic real testing conditions as closely as possible so that you can get the most accurate score from your diagnostic.If you give yourself more breaks or time than you’d get on the real test, your diagnostic test results won’t be as useful. Here are the main rules you should follow when taking your diagnostic: Take the test with pencil and paper (You’ll be taking the real ACT this way, so we don’t recommend taking your ACT diagnostic online.) Take the test all in one sitting Keep strict timing for each section (don’t give yourself even one minute extra to complete a section!) Use only the breaks you’d get on the official exam (10 minutes after the Math section and 5 minutes before the Writing section if you’re taking it) Minimize distractions (no music, TV, people talking in the room, etc.) For a more in-depth look at the best way to take ACT practice tests, check out our guide specifically on the topic. How Should You Analyze Your ACT Diagnostic Test Results? Big Picture Questions After you’ve taken your diagnostic test, you’ll need to break down your test results to understand exactly what you need to work on and where you can improve. Here are three of the first questions you should ask yourself. Which Sections Were Your Best? Your Worst? After you’ve looked at your overall score, review your section scores for English, Math, Reading, and Science. How do they compare to each other? Are some section scores significantly higher than others?Students often divide their study time equally between each of the ACT sections or read entire prep books all the way through to make sure they’re learning everything they can. However, if your section scores vary widely, this isn’t the most efficient use of your time. You want to concentrate more study time on the section(s) where you need to make the biggest improvement. So if, say, your Science score is the lowest of your section scores, you’ll want to spend more time studying Science than you would studying for Math, English, or Reading. Which Types of Questions Did You Struggle the Most With? When your review the results of your ACT diagnostic test, you’ll be able to see not only which sections you were stronger or weaker on, but also which question types you struggled with the most.For example, the Science section has three different types of questions. Maybe you did pretty well on Data Representation questions but struggled on the Conflicting Viewpoints questions. The more detailed your analysis is, the more it’ll help you develop a study plan that effectively targets your weaknesses and helps you raise your score.We have guides that explain the different question types you’ll see on each section of the ACT: English, Math, Reading, and Science. Were You Pressed for Time? The ACT is strictly timed, and if you ran out of time on any section of your diagnostic, that’s absolutely something you need to focus on during your studying.Leaving just a few questions blank on each section because you didn’t have time to answer them can have a major impact on your score. The ACT expects you to answer many questions in a limited amount of time, and many students struggle with completing the test within the time limits.If you felt you knew most of the information being tested but just didn’t have the time to answer all the questions, working on your timing skills will be key to improving your ACT score. How Should You Analyze Your ACT Diagnostic Test Results? Nitty Gritty Questions Once you’ve looked at the big picture info you got from your diagnostic, it’s time for a more detailed analysis. To do this, you should go through every question you got wrong (or just guessed on) on your diagnostic ACT and figure out why you answered it incorrectly. For each question you answered incorrectly, think about why you got it wrong. There are generally four reasons people make mistakes on exams: Time Issue: You didn’t have enough time to answer the question. Question Comprehension Issue: You knew the information needed to correctly solve the question, but the question was too complicated, you weren’t sure what exactly was being asked, or you were tricked by the question. Procedural/Content Issue: You weren’t sure how to solve a question, or you didn’t have the background knowledge needed to solve it. Careless Error: You knew how to solve the question, but you made a silly mistake that caused you to choose the wrong answer. We give detailed explanations for how to overcome each of these issues in our guide to going over ACT questions you got wrong, but below are key solutions for each of the four issues. Time Issue To get a better handle of the ACT’s timing and maximize the amount of time you get on each section, there are several techniques to try.First, don’t get stuck on a single question and waste so much time on it you don’t have a chance to answer other questions. If you’ve stared at a question for 60 seconds and have no idea how to solve it, skip it and move on. You can always come back to it at the end of the section if you have more time.Second, for many questions, you’ll see some questions that are obviously incorrect. Do yourself a time-saving favor and cross these off in your booklet immediately. The faster you can eliminate wrong answer choices, the faster you can solve for the correct answer. Finally, one of the best ways to get faster on the ACT is to take lots of practice tests. By doing so you’ll become more familiar with the test and know what to expect and what shortcuts you can use to answer questions. Question Comprehension Issue This issue is especially common with people who read questions quickly in hopes of saving time. Even though you’ll be pressed for time on the ACT, spending an extra few seconds to figure out exactly what a question is asking you is well worth your time. Many students underline key parts of a question to make sure they’re not missing any important information when they read it.This can be particularly helpful for Reading and Science questions, where you’ll need to get your information from long passages. Knowing exactly what you’re looking for can help you save time and ensure you’re looking for the right information. Procedural/Comprehension Issue Both of these issues can be solved by building up your knowledge of what the ACT tests and how its questions are worded.For procedural problems, the best way to improve is to answer lot of practice questions so you become familiar with what ACT questions look like. ACT prep books can also give you insight into how to solve questions.For comprehension issues, you can brush up on the content the ACT tests by using class notes, textbooks on the material, or an ACT prep book. Careless Error In order to stop making careless errors, you need to figure out what’s causing them in the first place.Were you pressed for time? Then improving your time management skills will help.Did you get tripped up by one of the ACT’s common tricks, like only solving for x when you were supposed to solve for 2x? Reading prep books to learn common tricks can help you avoid making those mistakes again.Leaving yourself a few minutes at the end of each ACT section to go over your answers can also help you catch any careless mistakes you may have made. 6 Steps to Creating the Best ACT Prep Plan for You After you’ve taken your ACT diagnostic test and reviewed your results, you can use that information to create your ACT study plan. Below are the six steps to follow to create a study plan that’ll help you strengthen your weaknesses and get the ACT score you’re aiming for. #1: Set an ACT Goal Score Once you have the results from your ACT diagnostic, you need to set a target score so you know what your goal is when you take the actual ACT.To set a target score, first make a list of the colleges you want to apply to. Then find the average ACT scores of admitted students for each of those schools. (This info is usually available on each school’s class profile.)Find the highest average ACT score on your list. That's your goal score because reaching it will give you a good shot at getting into each of your potential schools. Once you have your goal score, compare it to your diagnostic score. Are they close? Far apart? Are there certain sections where you met your goal score but others where you didn’t?Having this info will help you determine your actions for the rest of the steps in your study plan. #2: Figure Out How Long You Need to Study How much you need to study for the ACT depends on the difference between your diagnostic test results and your goal score.Here are our estimates for the total number of hours you'll need to prep based on the ACT score improvement you want: Composite ACT Points You Want to Improve Hours of Study Needed 0-1 points 10 hours 1-2 points 20 hours 2-4 points 40 hours 4-6 points 80 hours 6-9 points 150+ hours Once you know how long you plan on studying, you can decide how many hours you want to study a week and work backwards to figure out how many weeks/months you’ll need to prepare and when you should take the ACT. #3: Get High-Quality Study Resources In order to have a great study plan, you’re going to need to use the best study materials out there.We’ve already discussed the importance of using official practice tests when you study for the ACT. Unofficial practice tests can sometimes vary greatly from the real exam, which means you’ll be taking tests that don’t help or, worse, prepare you for the wrong material. Always use official practice ACTs when you can. A prep book can also be one of the most useful tools for your ACT studying. They can be especially helpful at explaining tricky concepts and breaking down how to solve different types of ACT problems.Check out our guide to the top ACT prep books to learn which are the best prep books out there. #4: Focus on Your Weaknesses As we discussed above, it’s important for you to identify your weak areas and prioritize strengthening them. Once you know which subjects or question types you want to improve in, there are several ways to go about doing this: Reviewing content: either in a prep book or school notes Answer practice questions Asking for help if needed: If you’ve read through all your relevant notes on a subject, you may want to try asking a classmate who is also taking the ACT for help or look into getting a tutor. #5: Take Regular Practice ACTs Your ACT diagnostic isn’t the only practice test you should take before exam day. Regular practice tests will help you track your progress and get more familiar with the exam.We recommend taking three to six full-length practice ACTs before test day.There are currently five official practice ACTs available for free, so definitely make use of them. #6: Regularly Check Your Progress As you study for the ACT, you should regularly step back and analyze how things are going. Are you making the progress you’re wanting? If not, what do you think you should change about your study plan? Are you able to get in the number of study hours you want to? Where are you still struggling? How can you fix that issue? This is a key step to follow because if something’s not working, you’re not going to see the improvements you want, no matter how often you keep doing it.If you’re stuck you might consider looking at tutors or reading our list of the 18 best tips for the ACT to get some new study ideas. What's Next? Ready to get a perfect ACT score? Read our famous guide on what it takes, written by an expert 36 scorer. Looking for more ACT practice tests?Check out our massive collection of official and unofficial ACT practice tests. Not sure when you should take the ACT?Get a complete study plan for the ACT to figure out the best date for you. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Sociological Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociological Journal - Essay Example After Simpson was found not guilty in his criminal murder trial, a civil trial found him guilty of the same act. This labeled Simpson a murder. Under the Social Bond Theory, Simpson’s bond with society was broken. He was no longer considered just an actor or football player. Simpson was treated like a freak or pariah. This would increase his chances of committing a deviant act in the future. Simpson was put in the position for armed robbery by the civil ruling regarding Simpson to pay the Goldman and Brown family monetarily for their loss of loved ones. This would fall under Access to Illegitimate Opportunities. O.J. Simpson hid most of his assets from the courts. The armed robbery was of things that Simpson claimed were his own. If the Goldmans had not tracked down and taken most of Simpson’s possessions and money, then Simpson would not have had the opportunity to hid his possessions or reclaim them through force. This would also fall under the Differential Association Theory. When hiding his possessions from the Goldmans, Simpson could not hide them in a legitimate place. He had to associate with other criminals. This association could have pushed him into taking back what Simpson believed was his own. This association could have blurred right and wrong in Simpson’s mind. Under the Labeling Theory, the strength of labeling lies within those who are doing the labeling. In this case, the majority of the world followed the first case. Thus the strength of this labeling was strong. The Primary Deviance was Simpson’s involvement in the death of his ex-wife and her friend. The Secondary Deviance was the armed robbery. Simpson’s first crime was indictable, because it involved homicide. The second crime was also indictable, since it was a robbery. Both crimes would be defined as a Street Crime or Conventional Crime, since both were violent. This does go against the societal norm, because of Simpson’s age.

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Midterm - Essay Example Muslim piracy was also reduced, and economic activities revived along the western Mediterranean coast of the Christians (Crouzet 9-12). In addition, the western and central Europe was free from invasions by the nomads from central Asia that were dangerous to the survival of Europe's economy. Between the years 1236-1242, the Mongols raid of Europe brought destructions to economies in Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia and most parts of the Balkans. In 1242, the Mongols extended eastwards and conquered China (Crouzet 9-12). The other factor that affected the European economy was the rise of feudalism, which was subsequently followed by feudal anarchy. There were frequent wars among the rivalry feudal leaders in Europe, which caused the destruction of European economy. Between the years 950-970, many fortifications were constructed to enhance the security of kingdoms under feudal leaders. Within the same years, the church contributed a lot to the safety of Europe through their peace move ments (Crouzet 9-12). Another factor that was crucial to the development of European economy was the rapid growth of the population since the thirteen century. This was caused by improvements in technology and increased agricultural productivity. The population growth acted as a crucial factor in spurring the commercial and urban revolutions in the 18th centuries. The population increase had considerable influence in Northern Europe. The population growth caused changes in the prices of commodities, which lead to the development of institutions for innovations (Crouzet 9-102). #2 The population of Europe increased tremendously between the years 1000-2000 because the rate fertility was higher than that of mortality. This resulted net population growth, in Europe. Population increased constantly and would only reduce drastically incase of catastrophes such as disease epidemics. The invasions on Europe had also ceased, and security prevailed in most regions of Europe. Also, between the 8th and 14th centuries, European epidemics had decreased and a warm climate prevailed in Europe, particularly the Alps region. The favorable climate improved agriculture activities, which led to better nutrition and improved standards of living (Crouzet 9-12). In the Carolingian times, the western Christendom developed values and a model of its population. In the whole of Europe, polygamy, the use of contraceptives, abortion, desertion of children and infanticide were abolished. The church supported monogamous marriage and enforced strict rules on polygamous marriage. The nuclear family in most nations grew stronger and became dominant with the exception of the Slavic people. The system of monogamous family encouraged acceptance of children and procreation. This system also regulated procreation before marriage. The effects were increased fertility rates and reduced death rates. However, the rate of infanticides and Juvenile mortality remained high though out Europe (Crouzet 9-12). The historical records show that the population in Europe increased from 1.1-1.2 million between years 1066-1086, 3.4-4.5 million people in 1340. However, France, Europe had a population of 15 million people in 950. In 1300, the population in Europe doubled. The population continued to increased but never exploded like that in third world countries in the late 20th century. The population in E